<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">ufajournal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Фольклор и антропология города</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Urban Folklore and Anthropology</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2658-3895</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-1757</issn><publisher><publisher-name>The Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">DOYDFB</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">ufajournal-86</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ  ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>CURRENT RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>От керека до героя. Визуальные стратегии репрезентации персонажа в российском уличном искусстве</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>From character to hero. Visual strategies of representation in Russian street art</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7261-7922</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ушакова</surname><given-names>Мария Юрьевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ushakova</surname><given-names>Maria Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">maria.ushakova@novburo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7468-0692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чусова</surname><given-names>Анна Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Chusova</surname><given-names>Anna A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Независимый исследователь; Бюро паблик-арт-проектов и социокультурного проектирования «Новь»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Independent researcher; “Nuvo” Bureau of Public Art Projects and Sociocultural Design<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Европейский университет; Институт исследования стрит-арта<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">European University, Saint Petersburg; Street Art Research Institute<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title>Уличное искусство и паблик-арт</issue-title><fpage>92</fpage><lpage>127</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ушакова М.Ю., Чусова А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ушакова М.Ю., Чусова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ushakova M.Y., Chusova A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ufajournal.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/86">https://ufajournal.ranepa.ru/jour/article/view/86</self-uri><abstract><p>Статья посвящена анализу того, как меняются визуальные стратегии репрезентации персонажа в нелегальных практиках граффити и стрит-арта, а также в институализированном мурализме. Фокус исследования — фигуративные образы как особый тип визуального высказывания, позволяющий проследить изменения в режимах городской видимости, авторской автономии и визуальной политики российских городов. В первой части статьи рассматривается феномен керека как пограничного визуального элемента, находящегося между субкультурной логикой name-writing в граффити и публичной доступностью образа в стрит-арте. Вторая часть исследования посвящена анализу мурализма как легальной формы уличного искусства, которая активно включена в стратегии городской коммеморации и нормативной коммуникации, но не лишена примеров авторской самобытности. Переход к антропоморфным образам в институцио­нальном мурализме рассматривается не как замена граффити и стрит-арта, а как иллюстрация трансформации режимов видимости нелегального искусства и функций персонажа в городской среде. Теоретической рамкой статьи послужат концепция права на город и режимы его наличия/отсутствия, в том числе в интерпретации Марсии Тибури, а также работы Анри Лефевра, Яна Ассмана и исследователей уличного искусства. Методология носит междисциплинарный характер и включает визуальный анализ, историографический обзор, case study российского города, социолого-антропологический и компаративный подходы, а также исследование творческого метода отдельных авторов.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This article examines the transformation of visual strategies of character representation in illegal graffiti and street art, as well as in institutionalised muralism. It focuses on figurative imagery as a distinct mode of visual expression through which shifts in regimes of urban visibility, authorial autonomy, and visual politics in Russian cities can be traced. The first part of the article explores the character as a borderline visual element positioned between the subcultural logic of name-writing in graffiti and the public legibility of images in street art. Although non-figurative forms quantitatively dominate, characters in graffiti become key sites for the problematisation of subjectivity and the claim to the right to the city. The second part analyses muralism as a legalised form of street art that actively incorporates strategies of urban commemoration and normative communication, while still allowing for instances of authorial originality. The turn towards anthropomorphic imagery in institutional muralism is interpreted not as a replacement of graffiti and street art, but as evidence of shifting regimes of visibility surrounding illegal art and the changing functions of characters within the urban environment. The theoretical framework draws on the concept of the right to the city and its regimes of presence and absence, as interpreted by Marcia Tiburi, alongside the works of Henri Lefebvre, Jan Assmann, and contemporary street art scholarship. The interdisciplinary methodology combines visual analysis, historiographical review, a case study of a Russian city, sociological and anthropological approaches, comparative analysis, and the study of the author’s own creative practice.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>уличное искусство</kwd><kwd>граффити</kwd><kwd>керек</kwd><kwd>мурализм</kwd><kwd>право на город</kwd><kwd>персонаж в городской среде</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>street art</kwd><kwd>graffiti</kwd><kwd>character</kwd><kwd>muralism</kwd><kwd>right to the city</kwd><kwd>character in the urban environment</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ассман, Я. (2004). Культурная память: Письмо, память о прошлом и политическая идентичность в высоких культурах древности. М.: Языки славянской культуры.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abram, S. (2024). Graffiti, street art and murals against the neoliberal city: wall-written dissensus. Street Art and Urban Creativity, 10(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.25765/sauc.v10i1.919.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Габович, М. (Ред.). (2020). Памятник и праздник: этнография Дня Победы. СПб.: Нестор-История.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Assmann, J. (2004). Cultural memory and early civilization: Writing, remembrance, and political imagination. Moscow: Languages of Slavic Culture. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гришин, В. А. (2015). Мексиканский мурализм. Открытия и драмы Х. К. Ороско. Вестник славянских культур, 38(4), 56–68.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bustanov, A. K. (2022). A space for the subject: Tracing garden culture in Muslim Russia. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 65(1–2), 74–125. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341563.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Каган, М. С. (1971). Лекции по марксистско-ленинской эстетике. Л.: Ленинградский государственный университет.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Castleman, C. (1982). Getting Up: Subway graffiti in New York. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Карцева, Е. А. (2021). Эволюция искусства в общественных пространствах: смена институциональных моделей. Артикульт, 44(4), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2021-4-86-93.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cole, L. C. (2024). Street arts festival Mostar: Curatorial agency, spatial transformation and artpeace formation. In B. Vogel, S. Kappler, O. P. Richmond (Eds.). The art of peace formation: Arts-based social movements, opportunities and blockages, 93–115. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Омельяненко, М. В. (2018). Актуализация понятия «творческий метод» в научной подготовке историков искусства. Вестник СПбГИК, 36(3), 110–114. https://doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2018-3-110-114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cooper, M., Chalfant, H. (1984). Subway art. London: Thames &amp; Hudson. Gabovich, M. (Ed.). (2020). Monument and celebration: The ethnography of Victory Day.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поляков, Ф. Д. (2024). Граффити как инструмент освоения городской среды: исследование пространственных практик. Журнал социологии и социальной антропологии, 27(4), 238–272. https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2024.27.4.9 https://elibrary.ru/LHMVPO.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Самутина, Н., Запорожец, О. (2024). Чем больше закрашивают, тем сильнее вдохновляют: небольшие уличные надписи и борьба за коммуникацию в публичном пространстве Москвы. В Б. Степанов, К. Левинсон, О. Запорожец (Ред.). HistoriCity: городские исследования и история современности, 424–447. М.: Новое литературное обозрение.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazer, N. (1979). On subway graffiti in New York. The Public Interest, (54), 3–11. Grishin, V. A. (2015). Mexican muralism: Discoveries and dramas of J. C. Orozco.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Трубина, В. (2013). Город: стратегии и тактики. Художественный журнал, (89). Режим доступа: https://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/8/article/86.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bulletin of Slavic Cultures, 38(4), 56–68. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abram, S. (2024). Graffiti, street art and murals against the neoliberal city: wall-written dissensus. Street Art and Urban Creativity, 10(1), 54–71. https://doi.org/10.25765/sauc.v10i1.919.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kagan, M. S. (1971). Lectures on Marxist-Leninist aesthetics. Leningrad: Leningrad State University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bustanov, A. K. (2022). A space for the subject: Tracing garden culture in Muslim Russia. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 65(1–2), 74–125. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341563.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kartseva, E. A. (2021). The evolution of art in public spaces: Transformation of institutional models. Articult, 44(4), 86–93. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.28995/2227-6165-2021-4-86-93.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Castleman, C. (1982). Getting Up: Subway graffiti in New York. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krzywik, A. (2021). Murals as memory сarriers. Analysis of the meanings given to them and the attitudes of their creators. On the Waterfront, 63(11), 49–72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cole, L. C. (2024). Street arts festival Mostar: Curatorial agency, spatial transformation and artpeace formation. In B. Vogel, S. Kappler, O. P. Richmond (Eds.). The art of peace formation: Arts-based social movements, opportunities and blockages, 93–115. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Lennon, J. (2021). Conflict graffiti: From revolution to gentrification. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cooper, M., Chalfant, H. (1984). Subway art. London: Thames &amp; Hudson. Glazer, N. (1979). On subway graffiti in New York. The Public Interest, (54), 3–11.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerner, A. M. (2021). The Co-optation of dissent in hybrid states: Post-Soviet graffiti in Moscow. Journal of Urban Cultural Studies, 10(54), 1757–1785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krzywik, A. (2021). Murals as Memory Carriers. Analysis of the Meanings Given to Them and the Attitudes of Their Creators. On the Waterfront, 63(11), 49–72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Magid, V. (2007). CAP — Crew Against People. Prague: Bigg Boss, 2007.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Oxford; Cambridge: Blackwell. Lennon, J. (2021). Conflict graffiti: From revolution to gentrification. Chicago; London: University of Chicago Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novak, D. (2010). Historical dissemination of graffiti art. SAUC — Street Art and</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerner, A. M. (2021). The Co-optation of dissent in hybrid states: Post-Soviet graffiti in Moscow. Journal of Urban Cultural Studies, 10(54), 1757–1785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Urban Creativity (repository), 3(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.25765/sauc.v3i1.61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Magid, V. (2007). CAP — Crew Against People. Prague: Bigg Boss, 2007.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Omelyanenko, M. V. (2018). Actualization of the concept of “creative method” in the academic training of art historians. Bulletin of St. Petersburg State Institute of Culture, 36(3), 110–114. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2018-3-110-114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Novak, D. (2010). Historical Dissemination of Graffiti Art. SAUC — Street Art and</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polyakov, F. D. (2024). Graffiti as a tool for the appropriation of urban space: A study of spatial practices. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, 27(4), 238–272. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.31119/jssa.2024.27.4.9 https://elibrary. ru/LHMVPO.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Urban Creativity (repository), 3(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.25765/sauc.v3i1.61.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahn, J. (2022). Painting without permission: Hip-hop graffiti subculture. Westport: Greenwood Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahn, J. (2022). Painting without permission: Hip-hop graffiti subculture. Westport: Greenwood Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rose, T. (1994). Black noise: Rap music and black culture in contemporary America. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan UP.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rose, T. (1994). Black noise: Rap music and black culture in contemporary America. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan UP.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samutina, N., Zaporozhets, O. (2024). The more they paint over, the stronger the inspiration: Small street inscriptions and the struggle for communication in Moscow’s public space. In B. Stepanov, K. Levinson, O. Zaporozhets (Eds.). HistoriCity: Urban studies and the history of the present, pp. 424–447. Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sloan-Howitt, M., L. Kelling, G. (1990). Subway graffiti in New York City: ‘Getting Up’ vs. ‘Meanin It and Cleanin It’. Security Journal, 1(3), 131–136.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sloan-Howitt, M., L. Kelling, G. (1990). Subway graffiti in New York City: ‘Getting Up’ vs. ‘Meanin It and Cleanin It’. Security Journal, 1(3), 131–136.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tiburi, M. (2015). Visual right to the City: The aesthetics of “Pixação” and the case of São Paulo. In J. Petri (Ed.). Performing cultures, 81–95. Kraków: Wydawnictwo LIBRON.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tiburi, M. (2015). Visual right to the City: The aesthetics of “Pixação” and the case of São Paulo. In J. Petri (Ed.). Performing cultures, 81–95. Kraków: Wydawnictwo LIBRON.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Upalevski, I. (2017). Murals make (Our) history: Paintings on the wall as media of cultural memory. Interpreting the current state of Warsaw’s commemorative murals. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, 13(4), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.13.4.07.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trubina, V. (2013). City: Strategies and tactics. Moscow Art Magazine, (89). Retrieved from https://moscowartmagazine.com/issue/8/article/86 (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villorente, D., Todd, J. (2001). Mascots &amp; mugs: The characters and cartoons of subway graffiti. Paris: Onestar Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Upalevski, I. (2017). Murals make (Our) history: Paintings on the wall as media of cultural memory. Interpreting the current state of Warsaw’s commemorative murals. Przegląd Socjologii Jakościowej, 13(4), 114–135. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8069.13.4.07.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wacławek, A. (2008). From graffiti to the street art movement: negotiating art worlds, urban spaces, and visual culture, c. 1970–2008 (Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villorente, D., Todd, J. (2001). Mascots &amp; mugs: The characters and cartoons of subway graffiti. Paris: Onestar Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wacławek, A. (2011). Graffiti and street art. London: Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wacławek, A. (2008). From graffiti to the street art movement: negotiating art worlds, urban spaces, and visual culture, c. 1970–2008 (Doctoral dissertation, Concordia University).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wacławek, A. (2011). Graffiti and street art. London: Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wacławek, A. (2011). Graffiti and street art. London: Thames and Hudson.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
